![]() Exploratory factor analysis (principal components analysis) was performed, and a nine-factor structure emerged. In total, 1,481 respondents completed the measure: 548 the paper version and 933 online. Respondents were recruited face to face, by email, and by post. This was distributed in paper form and electronically via the Internet. The independent scale items were then combined to produce a 124item composite measure. An extensive literature review was undertaken in order to identify measures of paranormal belief. The current study extended existing research by exploring shared variance across different paranormal measures. Particularly, authors remain uncertain about which belief subsets should be included within paranormal scales. Despite this, there is considerable debate about the nature and structure of paranormal belief. Several measures of paranormal belief have been developed and employed by researchers of published work. Section 4 addresses near-term searches for technosignatures, and Section 5 discusses emerging and future opportunities in technosignature detection. Section 3 addresses the current state of the technosignature field as well as the state-of-the-art for technosignature detection. Section 2 discusses which experiments have occurred, along with current limits on technosignatures. Section 1 explains the scope and purpose of the document, provides general background about the search for technosignatures, and gives context for the rest of the report. The report, written by the workshop participants, summarizes the material presented at the workshop and incorporates additional inputs from the participants. This workshop was convened by NASA for the organization to learn more about the current field and state of the art of searches for technosignatures, and what role NASA might play in these searches in the future. This report is the product of the NASA Technosignatures Workshop held at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas, in September 2018. Unlike natural head-like features found on earth, which tend to be grotesque and quite angular, both the Skullface image and the Profile image have relatively smooth and proportionate facial features. The Profile has an identifiable eye, nose, lips, chin, cheek, and neck. Among others, we also describe a flat facial profile found in a statistical survey for other eye-like features on Mars. Our analysis suggests that natural and/or random pro-cesses fail to provide a satisfactory explanation for its formation. We then undertake a critical analysis including a comparison of natural head or face-like features on earth as well as a probability analysis of the possibility that the features could have appeared randomly. ![]() A special analysis of the eyes is undertaken, one involving two independent eye specialists. Further component features of the image including eyes, nose, and mouth combine to give the impression of a human-like face. The skull-like feature becomes face-like when one recognizes the presence of component facial features of appropriate size and shape, features such as cheek, chin and neck. ![]() We describe aspects of a skull-like feature found in Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) image AB108403. Using a Bayesian inference model and assuming the above sources of evidence are mutually independent we show that the above evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that these objects may be artificial in origin. The first is based on a detailed examination of the objects themselves, the second concerns spatial and angular relationships, and the third involves a comparative analysis of the shape of certain objects. Three types of evidence are presented which support the hypothesis that the objects in question are artificial. Several other anomalous features in the area are also examined. One set of objects located 10-20 km southwest of the Face which has been termed the "City" contains several unusual structures comparable in size to the Face and a number of smaller structures which together with the larger objects in the City appear to be arranged in an organized pattern. The features under investigation include a formation approximately 2.5 by 2 km in size that resembles a humanoid face staring up into space from the surface and a number of nearby objects. The discussion focuses on the Cydonia region in Mars' northern hemisphere. Findings from a series of independent investigations are summarized and presented as evidence in support of the hypothesis that certain features on the Martian surface are artificial in origin.
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